Sources
Last updated 2026-10-17.
How we use sources
- Every figure on the site links to its source and the date we checked it.
- We cite single facts from public pages, each with the exact quote. We do not copy tables or databases from other sites.
- Each figure says what the source actually measured: the model, battery, year and market. When a source covers a different car or a fleet average, the figure is marked as an estimate.
- Found an error? Tell us, ideally with a link to a better source.
Data sets
- EPA / DOE fueleconomy.gov: US official range and efficiency (EPA ratings). US government data.
- Usable battery sizes for some models: Open EV Data (https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data). MIT licence with an attribution requirement, copyright (c) 2024 Tijs Teulings. The full licence is below.
Every web source on the model pages
- 2015 Nissan LEAF Warranty Information Booklet · checked 2026-10-17
- 2017 Chevrolet Bolt EV Owner's Manual · checked 2026-10-17
- 2019 Nissan LEAF Range, Charging and Battery (copy checked at owners.nissanusa.com; original https://www1.nissanusa.com/vehicles/electric-cars/leaf/features/range-charging-battery.html) · checked 2026-10-17
- 2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E Technical Specifications (copy checked at web.archive.org; original https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/product/2022/mach-e/pdf/22MACH_E_Tech_Specs.pdf) · checked 2026-10-17
- Argus Media (Oct 2021) + Electrek (21 Oct 2021) · checked 2026-10-17
- Auto Express / Nissan UK feature (WLTP 'up to' figure; higher trims rated lower) · checked 2026-10-17
- Auto Express spec page, Leaf 110kW Acenta 40kWh · checked 2026-10-17
- Autocar (2020 Model 3 update news, 2021 model year) · checked 2026-10-17
- Autocar (2020 Model 3 update news) · checked 2026-10-17
- autocar.co.uk · checked 2026-10-17
- Automobile Propre (VW Group 77 kWh pack comparison) · checked 2026-10-17
- Autoria (Norwegian VW dealer) summarising NAF/Motor El Prix winter test, RWD ID.4 vs WLTP (Norwegian text) · checked 2026-10-17
- Bumper (UK car-repair finance provider) blog, 'What's the cost of replacing a Nissan Leaf battery?', dated 2026-10-01 · checked 2026-10-17
- Bumper blog, 'How Much Does An Electric Car Battery Cost? (2026)', dated 2026-05-21 · checked 2026-10-17
- Bumper blog, 'How Much Does An Electric Car Battery Cost? (2026)', dated 2026-05-21 (Ioniq 6 figure) · checked 2026-10-17
- Bumper UK garage-network guide (01 Oct 2026) · checked 2026-10-17
- BYD UK Limited Warranty Manual and Approved Used Cars (copy checked at www.byd.com; original https://www.byd.com/content/dam/byd-site/eu/support/service/warranty/20251021/BYD%20%20Limited%20Warranty%20Manual-Europe%20and%20Israel-EN.pdf) · checked 2026-10-17
- CAA winter range test, via FIA (2025-03-05), -7 to -15 C; table row (262 km driven vs 410 km NRCan official); model year of test car not stated · checked 2026-10-17
- CAA winter range test, via FIA (2025-03-05), -7 to -15 C; table row (334 km driven vs 483 km NRCan official); model year of test car not stated · checked 2026-10-17
- Car Keys UK, Buyer's guide to the 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E (2021-02-02) · checked 2026-10-17
- Carbuyer (Model 3 Saloon RWD 4dr Auto spec sheet) · checked 2026-10-17
- Carscoops (28 Dec 2021) US dealer listing, converted at Bank of England XUDLUSS spot rate · checked 2026-10-17
- Carscoops (Dec 2021), Lakeland Ford parts listing, extended-range pack (standard-range pack listed at $18,514.13); excludes labour, $5,000 core charge noted · checked 2026-10-17
- Carscoops (Michael Gauthier, 28 Dec 2021) · checked 2026-10-17
- Chevrolet Electric Vehicle Ownership · checked 2026-10-17
- Chevrolet list price via Green Car Reports (June 2017), 60 kWh pack, excl. labour · checked 2026-10-17
- City A.M. (24 Feb 2021) recall cost, converted at Bank of England XUDLUSS spot rate · checked 2026-10-17
- cleantechnica.com · checked 2026-10-17
- Derived from Digital Insurance / Arizent (2024) · checked 2026-10-17
- Derived from Green Car Reports (2021) recall cost · checked 2026-10-17
- Digital Insurance / Arizent (Feb 2024), citing Find My Electric — pack MSRP; labour not stated · checked 2026-10-17
- drive-electric.co.uk · checked 2026-10-17
- DriveElectric (BYD Atto 3 review) · checked 2026-10-17
- driveteslacanada.ca · checked 2026-10-17
- Electrek quoting Tesla Q3 2021 shareholder deck (21 Oct 2021) · checked 2026-10-17
- Electric Revs (2018, details supplied by Hyundai) · checked 2026-10-17
- Electric Revs (2018) · checked 2026-10-17
- electricrevs.com · checked 2026-10-17
- electrifying.com · checked 2026-10-17
- electrifying.com · checked 2026-10-17
- electrifying.com · checked 2026-10-17
- Electrifying.com (22 Sep 2022, UK RWD launch; 19-inch wheels) · checked 2026-10-17
- Electrifying.com (22 Sep 2022); 331 mi is the lower of two figures quoted (351 likely on 19-inch wheels) · checked 2026-10-17
- Electrifying.com reporting Aviloo data · checked 2026-10-17
- Electrifying.com used MG4 review · checked 2026-10-17
- en.wikipedia.org · checked 2026-10-17
- en.wikipedia.org · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-17
- EV Brief (2021) / Automobile Propre · checked 2026-10-17
- EVGuide.uk (Leaf 40kWh trims) · checked 2026-10-17
- EVGuide.uk (Leaf e+ 62kWh trims) · checked 2026-10-17
- EVreporter (cathode chemistry explainer; source says LMO, the enum's manganese-based blend label LMO-NMC is the closest fit) · checked 2026-10-17
- Ford UK Electric Vehicle Guide · checked 2026-10-17
- Geotab (2025 study, 21 make-models) · checked 2026-10-17
- Geotab 6,300-vehicle study (2019) via Electrek; figure is for the 2015 (24 kWh) Leaf, larger 40/62 kWh packs likely degrade slower · checked 2026-10-17
- Geotab EV battery health study (page labels it 2025/2026) · checked 2026-10-17
- GM Genuine Parts Consumer Product Limited Warranty (statements update, 12 Oct 2022) · checked 2026-10-17
- GM owner letter for recall 21V-650 (Oct 2021) and NHTSA quarterly report, filed with NHTSA · checked 2026-10-17
- GM safety recall bulletin N212343881, filed with NHTSA · checked 2026-10-17
- Green Car Reports (2021) recall cost · checked 2026-10-17
- Green Car Reports on NAF El Prix winter test (single 2020 test; 64 kWh pre-facelift, vs WLTP; best of 20 cars, flattering end of range) · checked 2026-10-17
- greencarreports.com · checked 2026-10-17
- greencarreports.com · checked 2026-10-17
- GreenCars (18 Jun 2024) reporting Recurrent study; 6% over 1,500 days = ~1.5%/yr · checked 2026-10-17
- GreenCars (18 Jun 2024) reporting Recurrent study; 8% over 1,500 days = ~1.9%/yr · checked 2026-10-17
- greenmotor.co.uk · checked 2026-10-17
- Hyundai Lifetime Hybrid/Electric Battery Warranty bulletin · checked 2026-10-17
- Hyundai UK press release (2021 New KONA Electric) · checked 2026-10-17
- Hyundai UK Warranty Terms and Conditions · checked 2026-10-17
- Hyundai USA Warranty Coverage · checked 2026-10-17
- HyundaiPartsDeal (genuine Hyundai part 37501-GI301, Battery System Assy) · checked 2026-10-17
- hyundaiusa.com · checked 2026-10-17
- Interesting Engineering (4 Sep 2026) reporting AVILOO's 500,000-test battery health study · checked 2026-10-17
- MG Motor UK launch press release (2022) · checked 2026-10-17
- MG Motor UK launch press release (2022) — SE Long Range; Trophy Long Range is 270 mi · checked 2026-10-17
- MG Motor UK Lithium Ion Battery Warranty · checked 2026-10-17
- mg.co.uk · checked 2026-10-17
- NAF El Prix winter test 2024 (-5 to -10C), table via ÖAMTC; car listed as 'Long Range' but its 520 km WLTP rating suggests the 77 kWh pack, so SR/64 kWh results may differ · checked 2026-10-17
- Open EV Data (https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-17
- Open EV Data @32d7dc59e7 (MIT, https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (2022) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Dec 2024) general replacement-cost range · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (extrapolated from a Model 3 invoice; no Model Y invoice found; quote year not printed) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Model 3 guide; range at 32F vs ideal-temperature range, not vs EPA rating) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Model Y guide; range at 32F vs ideal-temperature range, not vs EPA rating) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Tesla Model 3 guide) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Tesla Model Y guide) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent (Tesla service-centre invoice for remanufactured pack + labour, originally posted by Current Automotive, reported 2021 by The Drive) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent winter range study (~7,000 cars, freezing vs 70F) via Green Car Reports (2022) · checked 2026-10-17
- Recurrent winter range study (fleet average, 34 models) · checked 2026-10-17
- recurrentauto.com · checked 2026-10-17
- recurrentauto.com · checked 2026-10-17
- recurrentauto.com · checked 2026-10-17
- SAE Mobility Engineering (2019) — 2020 pack 'remains' NMC, i.e. the 2017-2019 pack was NMC too · checked 2026-10-17
- SAE Mobility Engineering (2019), 2020 Bolt 66 kWh pack · checked 2026-10-17
- sg.news.yahoo.com · checked 2026-10-17
- Tesla 2019 Form 10-K (copy checked at www.sec.gov; original https://ir.tesla.com/_flysystem/s3/sec/000156459020004475/tsla-10k_20191231.html) · checked 2026-10-17
- Tesla Model 3 New Vehicle Limited Warranty—North America (copy checked at web.archive.org; original https://www.tesla.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Model_3_New_Vehicle_Limited_Warranty_NA_en.pdf) · checked 2026-10-17
- Tesla UK Vehicle Warranty (copy checked at web.archive.org; original https://www.tesla.com/en_gb/support/vehicle-warranty) · checked 2026-10-17
- Thansettakij (3 Mar 2023) Thai distributor battery price, converted at ECB reference rates · checked 2026-10-17
- thedrive.com · checked 2026-10-17
- thedriven.io · checked 2026-10-17
- Volkswagen UK ID.4 April 2021 Brochure and Battery Terms (copy checked at www.volkswagen.co.uk; original https://www.volkswagen.co.uk/idhub/content/dam/onehub_pkw/importers/gb/downloads/used-cars/id-4/id4-brochure-pricelist-april-21.pdf) · checked 2026-10-17
- Volkswagen USA Carefree Coverage · checked 2026-10-17
- vw.com · checked 2026-10-17
- wardsauto.com · checked 2026-10-17
- Wikipedia: Ford Mustang Mach-E (infobox; LFP only from MY2023) · checked 2026-10-17
- Wikipedia: Ford Mustang Mach-E (infobox) · checked 2026-10-17
- Wikipedia: Hyundai Ioniq 5 (infobox; supplier SK On) · checked 2026-10-17
- You+Nissan EV Customer Promise Terms · checked 2026-10-17
- Zapmap ID.4 Pro Performance review (configuration list, official WLTP) · checked 2026-10-17
- Zapmap ID.4 Pro Performance review (quoting official WLTP; best-case trim) · checked 2026-10-17
- Zapmap, Hyundai Ioniq 5 first drive (UK 73 kWh AWD, launch-era official rating) · checked 2026-10-17
- Zapmap, Hyundai Ioniq 5 first drive (UK 73 kWh RWD, launch-era figure; some UK outlets list 298 mi) · checked 2026-10-17
- zapmap.com · checked 2026-10-17
Open EV Data licence
MIT License with Attribution Requirement Copyright (c) 2024 Tijs Teulings Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 1. The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 2. Attribution Requirement: Any use of the Software in a product, application, website, or other public-facing implementation must include clear and visible attribution to "Open EV Data (https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data)" in one of the following locations: - About page or section - Documentation - README file - Other appropriate location where credits are typically displayed THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.